Mixed Watermarking-Fingerprinting Approach for Integrity Verification of Audio Recordings

"We introduce a method for audio-integrity verification based on a combination of watermarking and fingerprinting. The fingerprint is a sequence of symbols (“audio descriptor units”) that enables one to identify an audio signal Integrity verification is performed by embedding the fingerprint into the audio signal itself by means of a watermark. The original fingerprint is reconstructed from the watermark and compared with a new fingerprint extracted from the watermarked signal If they are identical, the signal has not been modified; if not, the system is able to determine the approximate locations where the signal has been corrupted."