Measurement and Modeling of Penetration Loss in Glass Material at 4G and 5G Frequencies

This study presents measurements and modeling of penetration loss through single- and double-layer glass materials in the 1-4 GHz frequency band, relevant to Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and New Radio (NR) mobile networks. Experiments were conducted in an anechoic chamber using a software-defined radio (SDR) and a signal analyzer. We propose a novel penetration loss model based on least-squares fitting that accounts for the oscillatory sinusoidal behavior observed. The proposed model outperforms the 3GPP standard model, achieving a mean squared error (MSE) approximately five times lower.